{"id":4311,"date":"2026-03-31T07:10:04","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T07:10:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/?p=4311"},"modified":"2026-03-28T07:10:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T07:10:07","slug":"canada_etiquette_social_norms_every_visitor_should_know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/canada_etiquette_social_norms_every_visitor_should_know\/","title":{"rendered":"Canada Etiquette: Social Norms Every Visitor Should Know"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align:left\" class=\"yasr-auto-insert-visitor\"><!--Yasr Visitor Votes Shortcode--><div id='yasr_visitor_votes_4311' class='yasr-visitor-votes'><div class=\"yasr-custom-text-vv-before yasr-custom-text-vv-before-4311\">Click to rate this post!<\/div><div id='yasr-visitor-votes-rater-fa30611b6e855'\n                                    class='yasr-rater-stars-vv'\n                                    data-rater-postid='4311' \n                                    data-rating='0'\n                                    data-rater-starsize='24'\n                                    data-rater-readonly='false'\n                                    data-rater-nonce='adbeb25e6b' \n                                    data-issingular='false'\n                                    data-cpt='posts'>\n                                <\/div><span class=\"yasr-total-average-container\" id=\"yasr-total-average-text-fa30611b6e855\"><span class='dashicons dashicons-chart-bar yasr-dashicons-visitor-stats'\n        data-postid='4311' id='yasr-total-average-dashicon-4311'><\/span>[Total: <span id=\"yasr-vv-votes-number-container-fa30611b6e855\">0<\/span>  Average: <span id=\"yasr-vv-average-container-fa30611b6e855\">0<\/span>]<\/span><div id='yasr-vv-loader-fa30611b6e855'\n                                             class='yasr-vv-container-loader'><\/div><\/div><!--End Yasr Visitor Votes Shortcode--><\/div><h2>Understanding Canadian Etiquette for Travelers<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681744\/malz77cgiz2ifdsayhui.jpg\" alt=\"Canadian flag with bilingual greetings in red and white colors symbolizing Canadian customs\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: res.cloudinary.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Traveling anywhere gets a lot smoother when you take the time to learn about local customs\u2014and Canada is no exception. Canadians are known for their politeness, but behind the reputation are genuine cultural norms that shape daily interactions. Understanding these can help you feel comfortable, avoid awkward moments, and even open doors to more authentic experiences.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve always appreciated how welcoming Canadians can be, especially given the country\u2019s amazing cultural diversity. Whether I\u2019m in bustling Toronto or a small town in Quebec, it\u2019s clear that respect and friendliness are stitched into daily life. Small gestures like a simple \u201chello\u201d can lead to surprisingly warm connections.<\/p>\n<p>One tip I keep in mind is that greetings matter. In most of Canada, a friendly \u201cHello,\u201d \u201cGood morning,\u201d or \u201cHow are you?\u201d in English is the standard way to start a conversation, even with strangers. In French-speaking regions, such as Quebec, using \u201cBonjour\u201d or \u201cSalut\u201d shows you\u2019ve made the effort to acknowledge local language and culture. Swapping these basic greetings in, even if you aren\u2019t fluent, is seen as a sign of respect by locals.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> A friendly smile paired with a simple \u201cHello\u201d or \u201cBonjour\u201d goes a long way in making good first impressions across Canada.<\/div>\n<p>Of course, taking the time to learn these small nuances pays off\u2014especially if you\u2019re planning a trip and want to feel at ease from the moment you arrive. If you\u2019re looking for affordable ways to explore Canada, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a> has dedicated Canada travel deals to help you get started with your planning.<\/p>\n<h2>Navigating Canada\u2019s Bilingual Culture<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681741\/ibt99b5utyrzhwhmtv8g.jpg\" alt=\"Symbols representing Canada's bilingual culture with English and French icons emphasizing dual languages\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: Canada\u2019s official bilingualism depicted through language symbols.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Canada stands out globally for its official bilingualism\u2014English and French are recognized across the country. This dual-language status isn\u2019t just on paper; it really shapes day-to-day life. You\u2019ll find signs, announcements, and government services offered in both languages, especially in places like airports, hotels, and public transit hubs. I\u2019ve found that seeing both English and French everywhere can be comforting for travelers, but it also means a little preparation goes a long way depending on where you\u2019re headed.<\/p>\n<p>The regional dominance of languages plays a big part in your experience. Most of Canada\u2019s provinces function primarily in English, but Quebec is the major exception. In Quebec, French dominates\u2014street signs, menus, and even casual conversations lean heavily francophone, especially in Montreal or Quebec City. New Brunswick is officially bilingual, with a more balanced mix, while Manitoba and parts of Ontario have visible French-speaking communities too, though English remains common.<\/p>\n<p>When visiting Quebec or smaller French-speaking towns, even basic French phrases can make a difference. Politeness goes a long way, and people appreciate when travelers make the effort, even with just a simple \u201cbonjour\u201d or \u201cmerci.\u201d Adjusting to situations where both languages are used felt a bit intimidating at first, but I quickly realized most locals are happy to help you bridge any gaps. Travelers often get by with English in large cities, though I usually recommend brushing up on a few essentials if you\u2019re planning to explore more local areas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Learn key greetings like &#8220;bonjour&#8221; (hello) and &#8220;merci&#8221; (thank you) for warmer interactions in French-speaking regions.<\/div>\n<p>If you&#8217;re planning a trip focused on Quebec or want more details about traveling in French-speaking areas, I\u2019d check out the Quebec travel tips available on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a> blog. Understanding the local language dynamics ahead of time really helps make your journey smoother and more enjoyable.<\/p>\n<h2>Tipping Practices to Know in Canada<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681739\/pzobf9rhjnbstf1xn81f.jpg\" alt=\"Tipping in Canadian restaurants with hands leaving tip on table showing service appreciation\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: AirTkt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Grasping tipping etiquette is key for a smooth travel experience in Canada. The country shares some similarities with U.S. tipping culture, but there are distinct expectations, particularly in hospitality and service industries. If you&#8217;ve visited countries where service charges are already included, Canadian customs might feel a bit different at first. I remember needing a few meals out before the habit of calculating and leaving a tip felt natural\u2014especially when paying by card instead of cash.<\/p>\n<h3>Typical Tipping Percentages<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Restaurants:<\/strong> 15%\u201320% of the pre-tax bill is the norm for table service. Some locals round up with small change if grabbing a coffee or fast food.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bars:<\/strong> $1\u2013$2 per drink, or roughly 15%\u201320% of the total tab.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Taxis\/Rideshare:<\/strong> 10%\u201315% is typical. Many apps now include a tipping option, but it&#8217;s still common to add cash for short journeys.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hotels:<\/strong> For bellhops and bag handlers, $2\u2013$5 per bag is standard. Housekeeping staff often receive a few dollars per night, left daily or at the end of your stay.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other Services:<\/strong> Hairdressers and spa staff are normally tipped 15%\u201320% of the service price.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Cash vs. Card Tipping<\/h3>\n<p>In most restaurants and taxis, you can add a tip directly to your credit or debit card payment. However, some service workers appreciate cash tips\u2014especially in smaller towns or at independent businesses\u2014since they receive it immediately and in full. I\u2019d compare both methods before deciding, but I noticed cash often sparks a genuine thank you.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Always keep some small bills handy for tipping, as card options aren\u2019t accepted everywhere.<\/div>\n<h3>Cultural Expectations to Watch For<\/h3>\n<p>In Canada, tipping is seen as part of the earnings for many workers in service roles. Not leaving a tip at full-service restaurants or after good service can be taken as a sign of dissatisfaction. While tipping above the norm for exceptional attention is welcomed, there\u2019s rarely pressure to go above 20%. For travelers wanting to avoid awkward moments, it helps to look at what others around you are doing or ask discreetly if unsure.<\/p>\n<p>If budgeting is a focus, factoring tips into your travel expenses makes a difference. For more planning guidance, check out the helpful tips on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a> before your Canadian trip.<\/p>\n<h2>How Social Etiquette Varies Across Canada<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681736\/tr3xgqbry5tekqws0mwk.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing cultural regional differences in Canada with icons illustrating social norms\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: Canadian Tourism Commission<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Canada\u2019s reputation for politeness has truth to it, but as you travel through its regions, you\u2019ll notice etiquette shifts from coast to coast. Even something as routine as greeting someone or holding a conversation can have a different tone in each province. I\u2019ve found that adapting to these subtle differences makes it much easier\u2014and more enjoyable\u2014to connect with locals.<\/p>\n<h3>Ontario and Urban Formality<\/h3>\n<p>In cities like Toronto or Ottawa, you\u2019ll encounter a generally formal and reserved approach. Greetings are polite but not overly effusive. Punctuality is valued, especially in business settings, and people often keep a noticeable amount of personal space. When addressing someone new, using \u201cMr.\u201d or \u201cMs.\u201d is common until invited to use first names.<\/p>\n<h3>The Easygoing West: Alberta<\/h3>\n<p>Alberta, and much of Western Canada, tends to favor a more relaxed, direct style. Locals are friendly and outgoing, with conversation often flowing easily, even with strangers. In my experience, a firm handshake and a casual \u201cHi\u201d are the norm, and people generally appreciate plain speaking over formal small talk.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinctive Traditions in Quebec<\/h3>\n<p>Quebec\u2019s Francophone culture sets it apart. French greetings\u2014\u201cBonjour\u201d on arrival and \u201cAu revoir\u201d on departure\u2014are strongly preferred, and a light kiss on both cheeks can be a standard greeting among friends or in social settings. Punctuality is important, but there\u2019s more flexibility with casual visits than in business.<\/p>\n<h3>Warmth in the Maritimes<\/h3>\n<p>The Maritimes (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland &#038; Labrador) are famous for their warmth and hospitality. Expect more informal greetings, like a friendly wave or even being called \u201cdear\u201d or \u201clove\u201d in conversation\u2014something that felt unusual but endearing when I visited.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Watch how locals interact in public\u2014mirroring their style helps you fit in and shows respect for local customs.<\/div>\n<p>If you want to get a head start on regional etiquette, I recommend checking a general Canadian travel guide on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a>\u2014they\u2019re especially helpful for travelers planning multi-province trips.<\/p>\n<h2>Everyday Social Etiquette in Canada<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681733\/sgnwy30ywsz4ct4ztuko.jpg\" alt=\"Typical Canadian social etiquette like polite people queuing outdoors in orderly fashion\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: Canada Tourism Board<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Daily life in Canada is shaped by a strong sense of consideration and politeness. Greetings are typically warm but not overly enthusiastic\u2014expect a friendly \u201chello,\u201d \u201chi,\u201d or \u201chow are you?\u201d when you meet someone, and don\u2019t forget a smile. In my experience, taking a moment for these simple courtesies can instantly make local interactions feel more comfortable and welcoming.<\/p>\n<p>Queuing is practically a national tradition; Canadians take waiting in line very seriously, whether it\u2019s for public transport, coffee, or the restroom. Always join the end of a line and wait your turn. Cutting in or crowding someone is met with disapproval, even if it\u2019s unintentional.<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to conversation, Canadians are often described as direct but tactful. You\u2019ll notice that while people usually speak plainly, they avoid being blunt. It\u2019s common to soften requests or opinions with \u201cplease,\u201d \u201cthank you,\u201d or \u201csorry.\u201d I usually recommend checking yourself if you\u2019re used to a more assertive communication style\u2014it goes a long way in Canada.<\/p>\n<p>Another unspoken rule is respecting personal space. Canadians value a bit of distance during interactions\u2014about an arm\u2019s length is standard when speaking. Physical contact should be minimal unless you know someone well, and things like standing too close or touching strangers can make people uncomfortable.<\/p>\n<p>Practicing these customs consistently has made my travels in Canada noticeably smoother and friendlier. By showing respect for local habits, I\u2019ve found most people respond with even more warmth and helpfulness. For more on respecting cultural customs while abroad, you can check out additional travel tips from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Always use \u201cplease\u201d and \u201cthank you\u201d to demonstrate politeness in everyday interactions.<\/div>\n<h2>Budgeting Your Canadian Trip with Etiquette<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681730\/qzugm6msyzh0pkbtg7g0.jpg\" alt=\"Travelers planning budget for Canada trip using laptops indoors illustrating cost awareness\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: Cloudinary<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Setting a realistic budget for your Canadian trip isn\u2019t just about flights and hotels\u2014it\u2019s also about planning for the small, everyday etiquette expenses that can add up fast. Tipping is expected in restaurants, bars, taxis, and for hotel staff across Canada, and these costs can easily surprise travelers who haven\u2019t set aside daily funds for gratuities.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Budget<\/th>\n<th>Mid-range<\/th>\n<th>Luxury<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Accommodation<\/td>\n<td>$50.00<\/td>\n<td>$140.00<\/td>\n<td>$310.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Food<\/td>\n<td>$25.00<\/td>\n<td>$55.00<\/td>\n<td>$120.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>$8.00<\/td>\n<td>$30.00<\/td>\n<td>$95.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Activities<\/td>\n<td>$18.00<\/td>\n<td>$45.00<\/td>\n<td>$120.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>One detail that\u2019s easy to forget is how standard tipping practices push your daily costs a bit higher. In most restaurants, tipping 15-20% is customary, and hotel staff (like porters or housekeepers) often expect a few dollars per service. Taxi drivers also appreciate a similar percentage. When these expenses are ignored, it\u2019s easy to spend more than planned and risk awkward situations. I budgeted for daily tips on my last trip, and it really reduced my stress whenever the check arrived or when it came time to thank hotel staff.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Set aside $10\u2013$15 daily just for tips\u2014this keeps you ready for Canada\u2019s service etiquette and avoids any surprises.<\/div>\n<p>Factoring etiquette costs into your travel budget has another benefit: it keeps your interactions respectful. Canadians appreciate it when visitors honor local customs, and tipping is an important part of that. You\u2019ll avoid embarrassment or rushed ATM runs after a meal. If you want more help with travel planning, I\u2019d suggest visiting the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a> budget travel section for more practical tips and resources on managing your Canadian trip costs.<\/p>\n<h2>FAQs About Canadian Etiquette<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681721\/xbf2qykjw4zvn9i3hvvm.jpg\" alt=\"Traveler consulting Canada etiquette FAQs on a smartphone outdoors to prepare for trip\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: AirTkt<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Knowing and respecting Canadian etiquette can significantly enhance your travel enjoyment and social success.<\/div>\n<h3>Do you need to tip in Canada?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes, tipping is expected in most service industries in Canada. For restaurants, a 15% to 20% tip on the pre-tax bill is the usual standard. It\u2019s also customary to tip taxi drivers, hairdressers, and hotel staff. I always set aside some small bills to make tipping easier throughout my visit.<\/p>\n<h3>How important is bilingualism when visiting Canada?<\/h3>\n<p>Canada has two official languages: English and French. While English is spoken everywhere, French is dominant in Quebec and parts of Eastern Canada. Visitors don\u2019t need to be fluent, but polite attempts\u2014like saying \u201cBonjour\u201d\u2014are appreciated, especially in Quebec. Most tourism services will accommodate English speakers.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the typical greeting in Canada?<\/h3>\n<p>Canadians usually greet each other with a friendly \u201chello\u201d or \u201chi,\u201d and a handshake is common in business settings. Hugs or cheek kisses are rarely used except among close friends or family. If you\u2019re unsure, a smile and a simple greeting almost always work well.<\/p>\n<h3>Is punctuality valued in Canadian culture?<\/h3>\n<p>Punctuality is considered a sign of respect in Canada. Being on time for meetings, appointments, or social gatherings is expected, especially for business or professional events. Arriving late without warning can come across as inconsiderate. Planning a time buffer has always saved me from unexpected surprises.<\/p>\n<h3>What should travelers know about business etiquette in Canada?<\/h3>\n<p>Canadian business culture is polite, direct, and values modesty. Formal titles and last names are used until invited to switch to first names. A firm handshake, steady eye contact, and clear communication are important in meetings. Dressing conservatively is generally safe for most business occasions.<\/p>\n<h3>Are there regional etiquette differences within Canada?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes, there are subtle etiquette differences, especially between English-speaking provinces and Quebec. In Quebec, more formal manners and a few basic French phrases show respect. Across Canada, friendliness and consideration are universal. For more on traveling smart in Canada, I recommend reading Canadian travel tips at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Embracing Canadian Customs Thoughtfully<\/h2>\n<figure><img src=\"http:\/\/res.cloudinary.com\/aicdn\/image\/upload\/v1774681719\/ollnnf1xrqsq46jdjosd.jpg\" alt=\"Happy traveler embracing Canadian customs on a city tour bus representing cultural appreciation\" \/><figcaption>Photo credit: Canada Tourism Board<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Wrapping up your Canadian adventure means not only seeing jaw-dropping landscapes but also immersing yourself in the customs that shape the country. Canada\u2019s blend of English and French adds extra warmth to even a simple greeting\u2014don\u2019t be surprised by a hearty \u201cbonjour\u201d or \u201chello.\u201d Tipping in restaurants and taxis is customary, and a kind 15-20% is appreciated. Daily courtesies\u2014holding the door, saying \u201csorry\u201d liberally, and respecting personal space\u2014genuinely do make a difference, especially in close-knit regional communities. I\u2019ve found that small things, like joining in local traditions or adapting to bilingual signage, make travel much more enriching.<\/p>\n<p>However, etiquette isn\u2019t just a checklist. Every province has its unique quirks, so travel with curiosity and an open mind. Canadians will notice and appreciate the effort. If you\u2019re planning your journey, explore the latest flight and hotel options at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a> Canada travel deals page\u2014it\u2019s an easy way to prepare for an authentic and comfortable trip.<\/p>\n<div class=\"quick-tip\"><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> Browse <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/\">airtkt.com<\/a> for affordable flights and stays to help shape a smoother Canadian adventure.<\/div>\n<p>Learning to recognize and respect Canadian customs has given me a deeper appreciation for subtle cultural differences and left me with some truly memorable travel moments. Travel is so much more rewarding when you bring thoughtful curiosity along for the ride.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore Canadian social norms, bilingual etiquette, tipping customs, and regional differences to navigate your visit with confidence and respect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4313,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v16.0.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Canada Etiquette: Social Norms Every Visitor Should Know - My World<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/canada_etiquette_social_norms_every_visitor_should_know\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"12 minutes\">\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yasr_visitor_votes":{"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0,"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false}},"amp_validity":null,"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4311"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4311"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4312,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4311\/revisions\/4312"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.airtkt.com\/my-world\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}